苗期不同滴灌方式对东北春玉米产量和水分利用效率的影响

春旱是东北玉米产量增长的主要障碍因素之一,滴灌可有效缓解其对玉米生产的不利影响,不同滴灌方式的效果具有差异性。本文以常规雨养玉米为对照(CK),研究了传统滴灌(采用内嵌迷宫式滴灌管)和新型滴灌(采用自流插入式滴灌管)2种方式与不同埋管深度(0 cm、5 cm和10 cm)对玉米生长发育、产量和水分利用效率的影响。与对照相比,滴灌显著增产,增幅达9.5%~20.1%。传统滴灌不同埋管深度处理间产量差异不显著,而新型滴灌埋深5 cm产量显著高于地表滴灌,增幅为4.4%。同一埋深不同滴灌方式之间,新型滴灌埋深5 cm比传统滴灌增产8.8%,其他埋深差异不显著。与对照相比,滴灌处理出苗率提高11.3%,收获期穗数增加13.3%。新型滴灌埋深5 cm产量高于其他处理的原因是生殖生长期叶面积指数下降慢,显著提高收获期干物质重。与对照相比,滴灌处理水分利用效率提高8.1%~10.9%,其中新型滴灌埋深5 cm处理水分利用效率最高。因此,埋深5 cm新型滴灌是有效提高玉米产量和水分利用效率的灌溉方式。     

河西地区沙产业可持续发展刍议

通过对河西走廊荒漠化现状的分析评价,从河西地区的资源与区位优势、水土资源条件、农林牧业发展状况、产业结构布局等方面,分析了河西地区沙产业发展的必要性和现实意义。提出了河西地区沙产业发展的方向是:以水资源的持续、合理利用为目标,农林牧、粮经草全面、协调发展,发展生态产业,培育产业经济带,延伸产业链,形成结构合理的沙产业发展格局。引进节水、高效的植物种、品种和优良家畜,发展苜蓿草产业、麻黄、甘草、黄芪等中药产业、肉羊和肉牛等暖棚式舍饲畜产业、棉花和马铃薯产业、酿造葡萄产业和日光温室蔬菜、花卉产业等,构建河西走廊复合的农林牧生产系统,促进荒漠绿洲沙产业的持续发展。     

稗草(Echinochloa crusgalli)根型ppc基因对水稻的遗传转化及其对光合速率的调节效应

稗草(Echinochloa crusgalli)是稻田中的C4光合型杂草,为了探索稗草ppc基因(Eppc)对水稻遗传转化的可行性及其对光合速率的调节效应,首次将含有稗草根型磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶(phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase,PEPC)基因ppc c DNA的2个植物表达载体p Ubi-Eppc、p Rbc S-Eppc通过农杆菌介导法对水稻进行了遗传转化。对分化植株进行的PCR、RT-PCR、克隆测序和Western杂交等结果均表明稗草ppc基因已经整合到了水稻基因组中,并且在转录和翻译水平都得到了表达。转基因水稻PEPC活性和气体交换参数测定结果表明T0代多数植株的PEPC活性高于对照,最高达到了对照的5.85倍;T0代大多数转基因植株叶片的净光合速率(Pn)比对照提高了20.00%,最大地提高了47.16%,同时叶片水分利用效率(WUE)也得到增强;T6代大部分转化植株的PEPC活性及Pn仍保持高于对照,本研究表明C3根型ppc基因过量表达也可以提高水稻的Pn,且证明稗草PEPC对光合作用具有较强的调节作用。     

控释尿素水氮耦合对夏玉米产量和光合特性的影响

采用旱棚盆栽试验,以郑单958为材料设置3个水分水平(正常水分W3、轻度水分胁迫W2、重度水分胁迫W1)和高氮N3(施纯氮315 kg hm–2)、中氮N2(施纯氮210 kg hm–2)、低氮N1(施纯氮105 kg hm–2)、不施氮N0四个控释尿素施氮水平,探讨控释尿素水氮耦合对夏玉米产量和光合特性的影响。结果表明,控释尿素水氮耦合对夏玉米产量和光合特性具有显著影响。相同水分条件下,夏玉米产量随施氮量增加而增加,W1条件下增产13.17%~20.96%,W2条件下增产13.93%~32.48%,W3条件下增产14.37%~21.83%。相同施氮水平下,产量也随水分增加而增加,W2N3、W3N2和W3N3的产量在所有处理中较高。水氮耦合对夏玉米穗位叶净光合速率的影响显著,W1条件下N3、N2和N1处理间差异不显著,均显著高于N0,W2、W3各施氮处理的净光合速率随施氮量增加而增加,W3各处理的平均净光合速率高于其他2个水分处理,W2N3比W3N3和W3N2前期略低,后期无显著差异。水氮耦合效应能有效减缓穗位叶的实际光化学效率ΦPSII、叶片光化学猝灭系数qP以及PSII反应中心的最大光能转换效率的下降速率,提高光能利用率。控释尿素水氮耦合能有效提高夏玉米花后穗位叶净光合速率,保证籽粒对营养物质的需求,提高穗位叶实际和最大光化学效率,从而提高夏玉米的产量,产量构成因素中增加千粒重和穗粒数的优势较大。综合产量与光合特性、荧光特性的表现,在田间持水量为75%±5%的土壤条件下,控释尿素施氮量以纯氮210 kg hm–2为最佳;在田间持水量为55%±5%的土壤条件下,控释尿素施氮量以纯氮315 kg hm–2为宜。     

Nitrogen mineralization in sandy loam soils under an intensive double-cropping forage system with dairy-cattle slurry applications

Nitrogen (N) mineralization and soil mineral N contents were measured at 2-week intervals over a 2-year period (June 1994–May 1996) on two different sites in the North West region of Portugal. The experiment was established in fields, which had for many years been under a double-cropping forage system with maize from May to September and a winter crop (mixture of cereals and Italian ryegrass) during the rest of the year. In addition to N fertilizers, dairy-cattle slurry was applied regularly at the sowing of each crop. On this intensive forage system, quantification of N released from slurry, crop residues and soil organic matter becomes important when better N use efficiency and reduced environmental impact from agricultural practices are required. Net N mineralization rates of the 0–10 cm soil layer fluctuated considerably between consecutive incubation periods and ranged from −0.88 to 1.87 mg N kg⁻¹ day⁻¹ with annual average rates of between 0.41 and 0.65 mg N kg⁻¹ day⁻¹. The total N mineralized in the 10 cm depth soil layer reached values between 122 and 224 kg N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹, showing that mineralization was a very important N source for the crops. The amounts of N released during the cold season (November–February) were equivalent to 27–48% of the yearly total. Regression analysis indicated that seasonal variation in N mineralization was only poorly explained by soil moisture and temperature. The changing balance during the year between soil moisture and temperature will contribute to the relatively constant N mineralization rates. Soil mineral N contents during the maize crop were high and exceeded the nutrient requirements for the optimum yield of this crop. Under the climatic conditions of the region and due to the poor development of the winter crop plants at the time, the mineral N left in the soil after the maize crop and released by mineralization during the cold season is particularly vulnerable to nitrate leaching losses.     

营养液条件下油酸对黄瓜幼苗生长的影响

水培条件下，研究不同油酸水平对黄瓜幼苗生长的直接影响。与对照相比，生物量和生理指标等表明，油酸10μL/L水平对黄瓜生长几乎没有负面影响，而油酸水平为100，500，1000μL/L则表现出一定的抑制效应。其中，1000μL/L水平中黄瓜的生长明显受到抑制。试验还表明，油酸对黄瓜幼苗没有表现出直接的生长刺激效应。     

Enhanced anther culture efficiency of indica rice (Oryza sativa L.) through modification of the culture media

The production of microspore-derived green plants from anther culture of indica rice is generally very low compared with japonica cultivars. A modified anther culture medium, consisting of a higher KNO₃ content (31 mm ) and casein hydrolysate (CH, 500 mg/1) but without ammonium salts, was tested in comparison with a medium consisting of the widely-used N6 medium nitrogen background, using four indica × indica F₁ hybrids as test materials. Green plant regeneration frequency was at least three-fold higher in the microspore-calli derived from the former medium than in those derived from the modified N6 medium. More than 700 microspore-derived plants were raised in the field. Another study was carried out using indica × japonica and indica × javanica F₁ hybrids. The results indicated that a medium with higher (3.5 mm ) ammonium sulphate may induce a higher frequency of anthers with microspore-calli but not necessarily lead to a larger number of green-plant regenerating calli. Subsequently, using the indica cv. ‘IR-43’ as the test material, use of a lower level (1.75 mm ) of (NH₄)₂SO₄, in addition to KNO₃ (31 mm ), was found to be better than CH (500 mg/l) for anther-response as well as green plant regenerability of the derived microspore-calli. Nitrate-nitrogen or ammonium-nitrogen alone elicited poor response. Twenty-five media involving combinations of KNO₃ (20–34 mm ) and (NH₄)₂SO₄ (1–3 mm ) were tested for their effects on anther response. Combinations involving KNO₃ (31–34 mM) and (NH₄)₂SO₄ (2.0–2.5 mm ) were found superior not only for achieving greater anther response but also, for subsequent green-plant regeneration. This contrasts with the 28 mm of KNO₃ and 3.5 mm of (NH₄)₂SO₄ in the widely-used N6 medium developed for japonica rice. Other than potassium nitrate and ammonium sulphate, and potassium phosphate to some extent, the levels of other inorganic salts tested did not make any significant difference to the process of anther response. Based on these results, modified media with three levels of ammonium sulphate were tested for anther culture efficiency of indica × japonica and indica × javanica derivatives (F₃s). Microspore-calli derived from a medium of a lower (1.75 mm ) level of (NH₄)₂SO₄ showed a higher regeneration potential overall than those derived from a higher (3.5 mm ) level. A revised medium has been suggested, on the basis of these results, for the realization of improved anther culture efficiency and, consequently, improved feasibility of using doubled haploids in genetic and breeding research with indica rice.     

Water Use and Seed Yield of Horsegram Under Different Moisture Regimes and Mulches in Semi-Arid Region of Eastern India

In a two years field study on effect of irrigation at vegetative and flowering stages occurring at 40 and 60 days after sowing, respectively alongwith straw mulch ca. 5 t/ha were found to have beneficial effect on growth, yield attributes and seed yield of horsegram ( Dolichos biflorus Roxb.). Application of mulches significantly increased pods/plants, seeds/pod, test weight and seed yield and maintained better soil moisture during crop growth in semi-arid lateritic region of Indian sub-tropics. Mulches proved useful to conserve more moisture in soil profile and thereby increased the water use efficiency of the crop; straw mulch was found superior to leaf mulch.     

转Bt基因抗虫棉中棉所30的碳、氮代谢特征

本试验在田间条件下研究了转Bt基因抗虫棉中棉所30的碳、氮代谢特征,于各主要生育期测定了棉株地上部营养器官的全N、非蛋白质N和可溶性糖及淀粉含量.研究结果表明,与轮回亲本中棉所16相比,中棉所30苗蕾期的C/N较低,非蛋白质N含量较高,N代谢比较旺盛;初花期至盛花期的C/N则较高,C代谢明显加强;进入结铃早期,中棉所30叶片中可溶性糖、淀粉及营养体中非蛋白质N的含量均下降,反映出其"根源”和"叶源”的功能已减弱,表现出早衰迹象.为了改善转Bt基因抗虫棉中棉所30的生育状况,提高其产量和品质,"促源”是根本.     

陇东黄花菜越冬覆盖保墒增收机理研究

通过对庆阳优质特色产品黄花菜越冬期进行地膜覆盖和玉米秸秆覆盖,分析越冬期土壤水分损耗、早春地温变化特征,以及不同覆盖材料水、热资源对黄花菜发育期、生长量、产量构成要素的影响。结论认为:在秋季降水充沛、土壤收墒充足、冬季气温偏高、降水明显偏少的年型,采取越冬覆盖能最大限度保持土壤水库蓄水。陇东塬区黄花菜越冬田间覆盖应大力提倡秸秆覆盖,由于秸秆覆盖既环保,又保墒,而且能有效调节黄花菜发育进程,使产量形成期避开陇东春旱最严重时期,提高水、肥利用率,增产显著。6月中、下旬和7月上、中旬降水对陇东塬黄花菜产量形成至关重要。